Switzerland’s history of direct democracy can be traced back to the foundational Oath of Rütli in 1291, when three Alpine cantons—Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden—formed a confederation to resist external domination, primarily from the Habsburgs.
This act of solidarity established the principle of collective self-governance, as these regions agreed to manage their affairs cooperatively and through local decision-making, a stark contrast to the monarchies and feudal hierarchies dominating Europe at the time.
Unlike the expansionist powers of Europe, which pursued imperialism and territorial conquests, Switzerland evolved as a decentralized confederation of autonomous cantons, each maintaining its own identity, laws, and customs.
The mountainous terrain played a crucial role in fostering this independence, making centralization difficult and enabling local communities to retain control. The Swiss avoided large-scale wars of expansion, choosing neutrality to preserve their internal cohesion.
During the Reformation in the 16th century, Switzerland’s unique confederate structure allowed for a peaceful coexistence of religious differences, unlike much of Europe, which was mired in religious conflicts.
Each canton decided its own religious orientation through “popular consultation”, reinforcing the tradition of local autonomy and direct participation.
The codification of direct democracy began in the 19th century, particularly after the 1848 federal constitution, which formalized mechanisms like “referendums” and “initiatives”, allowing citizens to directly shape policies.
This approach was driven by a deep mistrust of centralized authority and a cultural preference for consensus and compromise.
Swiss neutrality and its emphasis on internal solidarity further differentiated it from the rest of Europe, where nation-states vied for imperial dominance.
Switzerland’s model of participatory governance became a hallmark of its identity, rooted in a history marked by:
Pragmatism
Localism
Collective decision-making
My book Alliance tells the story of Switzerland’s resistance to the supranational organization of the day, the Habsburgs and can be read as a stand-alone story, or as the third in the series about Thomas Mercer’s journey of discovery as he learns more and more about the value of direct democracy.
Alliance draws some powerful connections between the events that formed Switzerland and its direct democracy model and the conditions prevalent today across many countries.
Perhaps today people are crying out for more involvement in the decisions made by government affecting their lives.
Comments